IT+HL4+News+&+Media

Lesson 4 - Terms and Concepts in News and Media
__Part 2__ (Pair Work) You will complete a table with examples on some of the terms and concepts from Part 1.

Instructions: > -- Give an example (from the real world, or create a hypothetical one) to illustrate each of the following terms. > -- Your examples can be a person, advertisement, parts or whole of the following – news article, book, play, movie, song, etc. > -- You should give a brief description to explain your example. Done By: Your Names
 * 1) Each pair of students are to complete one table.
 * 2) **Do not use the first table. ** **Copy and past the table below. Indicate your names. **
 * 3) In the table, you are to:


 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || ||
 * propaganda || ||
 * sensationalised news || ||
 * steoreotype || ||
 * lampoon || Definition: Crude satire attacking / ridiculing an individual or group.

Picture from Wayne State University, School of Mediceine [] ||
 * hard news || ||
 * soft news || ||
 * ghost writer || [] ||
 * investigative journalism || ||
 * cultural imperialism || ||

Examples: Number of H1N1 cases, global economic crisis, global issues. These are counted hard news as they are important and serious news of significant public concern. ||  || These are news that are of less importance that tends to include a human interest angle. ||  || This is an example of someone who writes for another’s behalf and gives him the credit. ||  || This is an example of the wrongdoings of a person that is involved in politics. ||  || This shows how exposure to Western ideology has distorted Singapore’s culture. ||  ||
 * Done by: Khoo Chun Yuet and Lim Jing**
 * **Term / Concept** || ** Example ** || **Verification** ||
 * exposé || Britney Spears out partying without undergarments ||  ||
 * propaganda || Adolf Hitler used propaganda when he influenced the German public to think that Jews were the cause of all their problems during WWII ||  ||
 * sensationalised news || The events of 911 has been sensationalised so much that the general public have no way of knowing what is true and what is just theory ||  ||
 * steoreotype || Mathematicians are dull and boring ||  ||
 * lampoon || George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four was a lampoon on pervasive government survillence and control ||  ||
 * hard news ||
 * soft news || Examples: News of sporting events such as the results of the Asian Zouth Games, English Premier Leagur transfers, feature articles on celebrities or special events etc.
 * ghost writer || Examples: Barack Obama, during his presidential election campaign, has not enough time to write his speech so he employs a ghostwriter to write for him.
 * investigative journalism || Examples: The investigations of the doings of Mr. Anwar Ibrahim.
 * cultural imperialism || Examples: Singapore can be counted as a country that is culturally imperialized. Films in cinema are imported from the West and many Singaporeans are actually becoming more and more Westernized by speaking English as a common language and adopting Western behaviors.

**Done by: Tan Yu Yang and Zou Xiangyu**
Propaganda was widely used in the discrimination against Jews by the Nazis during the Holocaust. ||  || The importation of items such as infant formula into non-Westernized societies (e.g the Nestle Boycott) ||   ||
 * **Term / Concept** || ** Example ** || **Verification** ||
 * exposé || An article giving truth about a wrongdoing, or scandal. A formal and systematic statement giving facts about something. E.g details on the number of casualties of the Sichuan Earthquake, details about the Edison Chen scandal .  ||   ||
 * propaganda || "Long Live Germany!" This propaganda is actually before the breakout of WWII, whereby Hitler is trying to gain support from the Germans.
 * sensationalised news || Cadbury's "Creme Egg"      (standard English spelling:    // cream // ). It is using unexpected words to draw attention from people.  ||   ||
 * steoreotype || All doctors dress smart and are clever. Generalizations of doctors whereby we attribute a defined set of characteristics to this group  ||   ||
 * lampoon || Going to war without the French is like going deer hunting without your accordion.  ||   ||
 * hard news || H1N1 flu outbreak, economic crisis etc. These news are considered very important news which usually make headlines. ||  ||
 * soft news || News of less importance, as compared to hard news. For example, a book or painting exhibition, or the Singapore Arts Festival. ||  ||
 * ghost writer || A ghostwriter is a professional writer who is paid to write books, articles, stories, reports, or other texts that are officially credited to another person. Celebrities, executives, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies, magazine articles, or other written material. E.g the autobiography of Lee Kuan Yew ||  ||
 * investigative journalism || Investigative journalism is a type of reporting in which reporters deeply investigate a topic of interest, often involving crime, political corruption, or some other scandals. ||  ||
 * cultural imperialism ||


 * Done by: Edward Neo and Terre Chua**
 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** || **Verification** ||
 * exposé || Edison Chen scandal, which involved the illegal distribution of Edison Chen with various actors, including some actress. These photos were stolen and spread among the internet, therefore revealing a scandalous act. ||  ||
 * propaganda || During World War II, a wide usage of Nazism propaganda was used, to make Hitler seem as a 'good' man, and to spread prejudice against the Jews within the Germans. Also, during the war, only pro-Nazism news were broadcast through the radio to protray a good image of the Nazi. ||  ||
 * sensationalised news || News on major events that happened all over the globe, for example, the 911 incident, the 2004 tsunami, the 2008 sichuan earthquake, the huge success of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. ||  ||
 * steoreotype || RI boys being stereotyped as muggers by students of other schools. Generalization of a students from a school without concrete evidence. ||  ||
 * lampoon || Lampoon of the Russian Revolution was portrayed in the book, Animal Farm, in which various animals were used to represent various important people in the Russian Revolution. ||  ||
 * hard news || Headline news such as the recent H1N1 outbreak, the global economic downturn and also crime news. ||  ||
 * soft news || A soft news story instead tries to entertain or advise the readers. Examples might be tips on how to stretch properly before exercising, or what to look for when buying a new computer. ||  ||
 * ghost writer || Examples include H.P.Lovecraft ghostwriting science fiction stories for Harry Houdini in science fiction magazines in the 1920s and a more popular example is the purported author of the Nancy Drew mystery series, "Carolyn Keene", is actually a pseudonym for a series of ghostwriters who write books in the same style using a template of basic information about the book's characters and their fictional universe, and about the tone and style that are expected in the book. ||  ||
 * investigative journalism || Example of investigative journalism include a series of articles exposing corruption in business and politics published by Henry Demarest Lloyd in 1880. //The Story of a Great Monopoly (1881)// and //The Political Economy of Seventy-Three Million Dollars// (1882) in the A//tlantic Monthly and Making Bread Dear (1883)// and //Lords od Industry// (1884) in the //North American Review.// These articales caused a stir and Llyod has been described as the first American investigative jounalist. ||  ||
 * cultural imperialism || Some real-world examples of cultural imperialism inlcude the forced assimilation of the Ainu of Japan through the slaughter of the deer they depended on for sustenance and cultural survival and also the beating of Native Hawaiian children for speaking the Hawaiian language in school during the early territorial period ||  ||

Examples are the scandals involving Malaysian politician Anwar and Hong Kong actor Edison Chen. ||  || An example is the report about deep sea creatures brought by the 2004 Asian tsunami. ||  || Examples are doctors and lawyers are highly-paid jobs and members of clubs and societies are physically inactive. ||  || An exmple is Animal Farm in which animals in the story were used to represent character in the Russian Revolution. ||  || An example would be the outbreak of the H1N1 virus. ||  ||
 * Done By: Zhou Ming Yang & Ong Ming Kang**
 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** || **Verification** ||
 * exposé || An article involving crime, political corruption, or some other scandal.
 * propaganda || During the Nazi Era, propaganda was widely used to promote pro-Nazi feelings, as well as raise hatred against the Jews. The Nazis controlled most ||  ||
 * sensationalised news || An article being extremely controversial, loud, or attention grabbing. It is especially applied to the emphasis of the unusual or atypical.
 * steoreotype || A steoreotype is a type of logical oversimplification in which all the members of a class or set are considered to be definable by an easily distinguishable set of characteristics.
 * lampoon || A lampon is a harsh satire directed against an individual or a group.
 * hard news || A hard news is a peice of news that is regarded with high importance and will create a great impact, usually taking it to the headlines.
 * soft news || Otherwise known as infomation, this type of news aims to entertain, rather than show seriousness. Examples would include tabloid news and coverage of celebrities - Michael Jackson. ||  ||
 * ghost writer || Several U.S Presidents, like Ronald Reagan and JF Kennedy, have ghostwritten their autobiographies, ie they did not write it themselves, but paid someone to write it for them. ||  ||
 * investigative journalism || Investigative journalism is when a journalist wishes to find out the truth about something, usually political corruption, scandals, or other similar things. This is rather risky in the journalism business, second to only war reporters. ||  ||
 * cultural imperialism || The imposing of one culture onto another. This was very prevalent when the British took over Singapore, making the locals wish to emulate the British in any way possible. ||  ||
 * Done By: Yang Qifan & Shaun Png**
 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** || **Verification** ||
 * exposé || Usually scandalous issues of prominent people being revealed to the public. E.g "Name of prominent person" has a hidden relationship with "Name of person" ||  ||
 * propaganda || Dissemination of ideas that are usually biased. E.g. During WW2, Hitler made great use of propaganda to gain the support of the German people. ||  ||
 * sensationalised news || Exaggerated football news. E.g. 2006 World Cup where Zidane was sent off for his "headbutt" against the Italian player. ||  ||
 * steoreotype || A fixed image of a certain kind of issue. E.g Singaporeans not giving up seats on buses and trains. ||  ||
 * lampoon || A satire. E.g. Hey Jerry - Would you believe that my computer has the Swine Flu virus. A lampoon mocking the swine flu virus. ||  ||
 * hard news || News of significant public concern. Eg H1N1 news, world wide economic crisis news ||  ||
 * soft news || News of people, situations or events of a less significant nature, usually with a human interest angle. Eg entertainment news, sports news ||  ||
 * ghost writer || A person who writes materials for which another takes credit. Eg Joseph Lemius (1860-1923) ||  ||
 * investigative journalism || Report style which emphasizes the assemble and analysis of facts in order to expose wrongdoing. Eg Reports deeply investigating political corruption issues ||  ||
 * cultural imperialism || The term used to describe the way in which countries are influenced by continual exposure to another country’s ratio, television and film material, which subverts and distorts their indigenous culture. Eg USA is often portrayed as the leading country in the world through various medias in many aspects, but this may not be true all the time. ||  ||


 * Done by, Maung Thet Naing Win and Ng Chow Hui**
 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || News which reveals something scandalous, in most cases celebrities.

Edison Chen's sex scandal and Lindsay Lohan's cocaine scandal. ||
 * propaganda || Propaganda is biased information disseminated systemically to propagate a particular idea/political party.

One example of a leader in history who used propaganda is Adolf Hitler, who created a government that disseminated propaganda through movies, art, newspapaers, radio, speeches and youth programs meant to garner support for him from the people. ||
 * sensationalised news || Attention grabbing news

The sudden death of Michael Jackson. ||
 * stereotype ||   Generalisation of a group of people or an item without any concrete proof.

Women are bad drivers. This a generalisation of women as bad drivers just because of a few incidents which make people think that all women cannot drive properly. ||
 * lampoon || A piece of satire on a person

George Orwell's Animal Farm marked the beginning of a political satire, with talking animals who plot to rule the world, which is actually referring to prominent figures in Russia. ||
 * hard news || News of great importance

News regarding H1N1 situation. ||
 * soft news || News of less importance

A feature story on the life of a celebrity. ||
 * ghost writer || A person employed to write material for which another takes credit.

One famous ghost writer is Andrew Croths, who has written the book **My Family is All I Have** for Helen-Alice Dear, an English woman who was trapped behind the Iron Curtain for 50 years. ||
 * investigative journalism || A type of reporting style which places emphasis on the careful assembly and analysis of facts in order to expose corruption or wrongdoing (often of a public/political nature)

The investigations of the doings of Mr. Anwar Ibrahim. ||
 * cultural imperialism || The practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, or artificially injecting the culture of one society into another.

Asians are greatly exposed to the Western media and culture, which has caused a gradual change among Asians, with many Asians trying to emulate the Westerners in terms of their culture. ||


 * Done by: Goh Chin Yee and Lim Yuan Wei**
 * **Term/Concept** |||| ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || __//Revelation of scandalous things, usually scandalous affairs between famous individuals, such as celebrities, politicians.//__
 * Example**: When David Beckham was at his prime, there were a lot of news of him having another girlfriend other than this wife.
 * Explanation**: The press revealed such scandalous affairs so as to increase circulation on by attracting more people to read their articles on David Beckham's private life. ||
 * propaganda || __//Dissemination of information to propagate a particular idea.//__
 * Example**: During Japanese Occupation, the japanese relied on propaganda to disseminate information that was pro-Japanese so as to brain wash the people into thinking that they were doing the right thing.
 * Explanation**: This is propaganda as the information they disseminated, which extremely biased and inaccurate, was very systematic, through all the mass medias that they controlled, and are done on a very regular basis. ||
 * sensationalised news || __//To crudely present violence, horror, sex etc. as a means of excitement in books, plays and films etc.//__
 * Example:** A WW2 film portraying the Japanese torturing Singaporeans, showing horror and violence.
 * Explanation:** This is sensationalised news, as the director is trying to let the public experience the violence and horror felt by Singaporeans at that time. Most of the time such movies have such scenes so that viewers will be able to have a better understanding. ||
 * steoreotype || __//Conventionalised portrayal of person or event.//__
 * Example:**Singaporeans are always not courteous, not bothering to give up their seats on buses and trains. 
 * Explanation:** This is a steoreotype because not everyone is like this. There are many people who are willing to give up their seats as well. ||
 * lampoon || __//Satire on someone//__
 * Example:** Animal farm by george owell was a satire of Russia during the pre communism and communism era.
 * Explanation**: The animal farm was used to closely mirror the events that occured in Russia, and by the critisim of these events, satire the Russians. ||
 * hard news || __//News that are of great importance, impact to everyone//__
 * Example:** Headline news, such as H1N1 related stories, economy related reports, latest government policies.
 * Explanation:** Such news are important and crucial as they have a great impact on everyone's life. ||
 * soft news || __//N////ews of lesser significance, often having a human interest angle//__
 * Example:** Straits Time Life section
 * Explanation:** All these news are more easy going, lighter, and have more human angle, although it is not crucial and is not a must to read. ||
 * ghost writer || __//Person who uses a popular person's name to write stories similar to that person's style//__
 * Example:** Two of John F. Kennedy's books were almost entirely ghostwritten.
 * Explanation:** Publishing companies use this strategy to increase the marketability of a book by associating it with a celebrity or well-known figure. In several countries before elections, candidates commission ghostwriters to produce autobiographies for them so as to gain visibility and exposure. ||
 * investigative journalism || __//A type of reporting in which reporters deeply investigate a topic of interest, often involving crime, political corruption, or some other scandal.//__
 * Example:** Bob Woodward reported on the Watergate scandal, which led to it be uncovered
 * Explanation:** Their investigation into the watergate scandal and coverage on it led to the exposure of a crime. ||
 * cultural imperialism || __// Replace another's culture by influencing it with your own media//__
 * Example:** Asians have been influenced by media portraying Western ideas, and hence forgetting their roots and only want to adopt new ones.
 * Explanation:** Media of other culture is influencing another. ||

Done By: Yin Fan and Liu Tingkai

Explanation: This action of showing the public some famous people’s scandals are called expose and this case is clearly a expose. ||  ||  || Explanation: This propaganda instigates the public to put full effort into industrialization which is proved wrong but it makes people accept the idea. || Explanation: This action tries to get people’s interests by showing violence, horror, sex, etc. The case above shows violence. ||  ||  || Explanation: This is a common stereotype which shows people's prejudice upon gays. ||  ||  || Example: Lampoon is widely used in political cartoons like the one showing people being buried under giant rocks of social problems caused by financial crisis while the uncle Sam is still saying that “technically, we are not in a crisis”. Explanation: The cartoons like this one uses irony to show that, in this case, the US governments says that they are fine while the country’s economy is at the edge of bankruptcy. || Eg, //Certain cheap magazines make a fortune out of sensational exposés.// ||  || Done By: Kenneth Leong and Tan Hong You
 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || Examples: There was once a famous case when many private photos of Chen Guanxi and many other famous female singers or actresses were shown to the public.
 * propaganda || || Example: During The Great Leap Forward there many propagandas like “gan ying chao mei” which means to become better than the UK and the US.
 * sensationalised news || Example: A magazine prints bloody pictures on the cover.
 * sensationalised news || Example: A magazine prints bloody pictures on the cover.
 * stereotype || Example: Gays are easy to get AIDS.
 * lampoon ||
 * hard news || ||
 * soft news || ||
 * ghost writer || ||
 * investigative journalism || ||
 * cultural imperialism || ||
 * //Done by: Nick Lee and Ong Yu Hao//**
 * ** Term / Concept ** |||| ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || || a public exposure or revelation, as of something discreditable.
 * propaganda || Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Eg.Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler promoting the ideas of Aryan superiority and his control of the radio stations and the newspaper, using the media to promote his Nazi Germany. ||
 * sensationalised news || ||
 * steoreotype || A stereotype is a type of logical oversimplification in which all the members of a class or set are considered to be definable by an easily distinguishable set of characteristics. Eg. Dogs are loyal animals, the Black people are better track and field atheletes. ||
 * lampoon || A sharp, often virulent satire directed against an individual or institution; a work of literature, art, or the like, ridiculing severely the character or behavior of a person, society, etc. ||
 * hard news || Eg. The Scandals at The New York Times and Their Meaning for American Media is a 2004 book by journalist Seth Mnookin about the reign of Howell Raines at the New York Times. ||
 * soft news || News, as in a newspaper or television report, that does not deal with formal or serious topics and events. ||
 * ghost writer || A ghostwriter is a professional writer who is paid to write books, articles, stories, reports, or other texts that are officially credited to another person. Eg. David Raksin working as music ghostwriter for Charlie Chaplin, In several countries before elections, candidates commission ghostwriters to produce autobiographies for them so as to gain visibility and exposure. ||
 * investigative journalism ||
 * Investigative journalism** is a type of reporting in which reporters deeply investigate a topic of interest, often involving crime, political corruption, or some other scandal. ||
 * cultural imperialism || Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, or artificially injecting the culture of one society into another. Eg. The domination over the former Soviet Union by Russian language and culture ||

Female drivers are reckless. || || Politics, war, economics and crime used to be considered hard news, Example: The H1N1 Flu outbreak. These news are of significant inportance. || Arts, entertainment and lifestyles were considered soft news. Example: Articles on The Arts Fest in Singapore. These news are of less importance || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1880 Henry Demarest Lloyd published a series of articles exposing corruption in business and politics. This included //The Story of a Great Monopoly// (1881) and //The Political Economy of Seventy-Three Million Dollars// (1882) in the //Atlantic Monthly// and //Making Bread Dear// (1883) and //Lords of Industry// (1884) in the //North American Review.// || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The forced use of French as the language of Occitania. || Done by: Bernard Chng and Timothy Yu <span style="color: rgb(51,51,51); line-height: 16px; font-family: Verdana; border-collapse: separate;">Some newspapers make money out of sensational expos<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); line-height: 19px; font-family: Arial; border-collapse: collapse;">és. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); line-height: 19px; font-family: arial; border-collapse: collapse;"> || Example: Political parties uses propaganda to influence people into voting for them during the election. || Example: Michael Jackson's sudden death || Example: Homeless people are steoreotyped as alcoholics or addicts. || Example: The Prime Minister was frequently lampooned in political cartoons. || Example: H1N1 epidemic || Example: Youth Olympics || Example: When H.P. Lovecraft ghostwrote science fiction stories for Harry Houdini in science fiction magazines in the 1920s || Example: Nellie Bly, an eighteen year old reporter with the Pittsburgh Dispatch,obtained material for writing first-hand tales by being involved in a series of undercover adventures. || Example: The forced resettlement and "reeducation" of the [|Chagosia] people after they were deported and their home was turned into a US military base. ||
 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || ||
 * propaganda || Adolf Hitler creating a government that disseminated propaganda through movies, art, the radio, newspapers, speeches, schools, youth programs, and other cultural and political outlets. ||
 * sensationalised news || reporting of the 911 incident ||
 * steoreotype ||
 * lampoon || famous phrase uttered by Jed Babbin: "Going to war without the French is like going deer hunting without your accordion."
 * hard news ||
 * soft news ||
 * ghost writer || When VC Andrews died, her family hired ghostwriters to continue writing her novels. This is example of a ghostwriter and the ghost writer's names should not be revealed ||
 * investigative journalism ||
 * cultural imperialism ||
 * **Term / Concept** || ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || Explanation: the revealing of a scandalous thing
 * propaganda || Explanation: information ( often biased ) disseminated systematically to propagate a particular idea, practice, politcal party, etc
 * sensationalised news || Explanation: extremely controversial, loud, or attention grabbing piece of information
 * steoreotype || Explanation: conventionalised, fixed portrayal given to represent a person or event
 * lampoon || Explanation: piece of virulent or scurrilous satire on a person
 * hard news || Explanation: "serious: news of public concern
 * soft news || Explanation: news of people, situation or events of a less significant nature, usually with a human interest angle
 * ghost writer || Explanation: person employed to write material for which another takes credit
 * investigative journalism || Explanation: reporting style which emphasises the careful assembly and analysis of facts in order to expose corruption or wrongdoing(often of a public/political nature)
 * cultural imperialism || Explanation: term used to describe the way in which countries are insidiously influenced by continual exposure to Western(particularly American) radio, television and film material which subverts and distorts their indigenous culture

Done By :Ng Jun Da, Marcel Wong Hitler calling for Germans to cheer 'Long Live Germany'. || "Going to war without the French is like going deer hunting without your accordion." ||
 * || ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || News about a French Minister visiting prostitutes being revealed. ||
 * propaganda ||
 * sensationalised news || The reporting of the 911 incident ||
 * steoreotype || The stereotype that pupils wearing ankle socks and sporting long hair are unkempt and are 'bad' students. ||
 * lampoon ||
 * hard news || Hard News is news of events or people, which has a degree of seriousness & importance.

E.g American Presidential Elections ||
 * soft news || Soft News is news of people, or events of a less significant nature, generally with a human interest angle.

E.g Scandals or rumours of Micheal Jackson ||
 * ghost writer || A ghost writer is a professional writer who is paid to write books or other text which is officially credited to another person.

E.g Carolyn Keene, the purported author of "Nancy Drew" is a pseudonym for several ghost writers who write the series. ||
 * investigative journalism || Investigative journalism is a style or writing in which the writer deeply investigates a topic of interest, often involving crime, political corruption or juicy scandals.

E.g In 1880, Henry Demarest Lloyd published a series of articles exposing corruption in politics & businesses.' ||
 * cultural imperialism || Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing or separating the culture of one society to the other.Generally, the culture of the larger nation that is injected to the smaller, less important one.

E.g The Estruscan culture and language was extinct as the Roman Empire destroyed their civilization. ||

Done by: Ng Jing Hao, Chen Yun, Toh Zheng Xiang
 * **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Term / Concept **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> || **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Example **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">exposé || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">An article that exposes something scandalous or discreditable.

Eg: Madoff investment scandal, Michael Jackson child molestation scandals ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">propaganda || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Information that intends to manipulate the attitude of a group of people towards a certain subject.

Eg: WWII Nazi propaganda that displays Jews in an extremely negative light and Iraq war flyers that show Osama bin Laden as a devil. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">sensationalised news || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">News that are reported for the fact that it has shock value or is attention grabbing.

Eg: Britney Spears’ divorce, Michael Jackson’s death ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">steoreotype || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">A set of easily distinguishable traits that represent everyone in a particular group.

Eg: Black people with fat lips and Hardworking students with spectacles. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">lampoon || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">A satire

Eg: The pen is mightier than the sword if the sword is very short, and the pen is very sharp - This is an example of a lampoon mocking those who believe that the power of words is greater than the power of weapons. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">hard news || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The more serious kind of news

Eg: Malaysian presidential elections ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">soft news || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The less significant, less serious news, covers a human interest angle

Eg: A feature story on the private life of a politician ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">ghost writer || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Somebody hired to write on the behalf of another person

Eg: Andrews Crofts, a renowned ghostwriter, whose books have topped bestseller charts of various different countries, including the UK ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">investigative journalism || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Investigative journalism is a type of reporting in which reporters deeply investigate a topic of interest, often involving crime, political corruption, or some other scandal.

Eg: Carl Bernstein (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who, as a reporter for The Washington Post along with Bob Woodward, broke the story of the Watergate break-in and consequently helped bring about the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">cultural imperialism || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, or artificially injecting the culture of one society into another. It is usually the case that the former belongs to a large, economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter belongs to a smaller, less important one.

Eg: The forced assimilation of the Ainu of Japan through the slaughter of the deer they depended on for sustenance and cultural survival || Done By: Tan Wei Jie and Tan Yong Sheng

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Example: Vanessa Hudgins being accused of putting her own naked pictures on the net. Explanation: It is a scandalous act of publicly reporting how she put her nude photos on the internet just to attract attention. Explanation: It is a propaganda as it is attempting to influence the public to believe in a certain idea. || Explanation: It is shocking that the "King of Pop" just died so suddenly at just 50 years old. || Explanation: Most people just think of it this way but it is not really true. || Explanation: This is like a satire mocking scientists that even though they may be intelligent, they are heartless to use animals for experiments for their own selfish needs. || Explanation: It is a serious fact as H1N1 may cause a lot of deaths. || Explanation: It isn't really important as it wouldn't affect us much. || Explanation: It is written by Babara Feinman but made famous by stating the author to be Hillary Clinton. ||
 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || ||
 * propaganda || Example: Adolf Hitler using propaganda to maintain power as Fuhrer and fighting against Allies.
 * sensationalised news || Example: Micheal Jackson passed away
 * stereotype || Example: Boys are better in math and science while girls at better in languages.
 * lampoon || Example: In the play "Let Me Hear You Whisper", scientists are conducting an experiment on a dolphin to make it talk but it would talk to no one except the cleaner Helen.
 * hard news || Example: H1N1 outbreak
 * soft news || Example: News from the home/lifestyle section, talks about TV shows, hobbies of people, etc.
 * ghost writer || Example: Hillary Clinton's "It Takes a Village" was written by ghostwriter Barbara Feinman.
 * investigative journalism || Example: Charles Forelle, James Bandler and Mark Maremont of the Wall Street Journal, report on "unethical manipulation" and amassed millions of top executives. ||
 * cultural imperialism || Example: The western world by using different types of media, with the most influential being television to create new western values in different culutes around the world ||

**Benjamin Heng and Jason Wong**
Michael Jackson’s autopsy showed that he had undergone at least 13 cosmetic surgeries, a figure so high that even the media had never predicted. He had also donated more than 300 million Euros to charity. || The most popular example would be Adolf Hitler, whose propaganda spread all throughout Germany during the first World War. Through his widespread propaganda, he convinced millions of Germans that Jews were bad and should be killed. || E! Entertainment Television broadcasts sensational celebrity news at certain timeslots of the week, attracting high viewership worldwide. Locally, The New Paper and Shin Min Daily News, published by SPH Newspapers, also focus more on sensationalised news, rather than serious, down-to-earth reporting (which are covered by The Straits Times and Lianhe ZaoBao respectively). An example of sensational news would be the death of Michael Jackson. He still on headlines for a few days, and MTV aired dedicated MJ programmes for more than 2 weeks. || Some people have the idea that you will not be able to find a job if you do not go to college. That is a stereotype. || Celebrity TV News often criticise celebrities openly for something they had done wrong, such as nude scandals of Disney teen celebrities like Venessa Hudgens and Miley Cyrus. || Examples include virus or flu outbreaks, and ministers or phenomenal celebrities’ deaths. || An example would be The Sunday Times’ old regular feature: English as It is Broken. || For example, a celebrity doesn't want too much media attention for writing an article. Hence he puts himself up on an online journalism classifieds website. A celebrity subsequently hires him to write something about him for him to put into the paper. At the end of the day, the celebrity’s name is written on the paper as the author. The celebrity gets the credit and the ghost writer gets big cash. || Once again, the investigation of Michael Jackson’s death fits this category. New information about him breaks everyday. || Due to the media, America is often portrayed as the leading country. However, this may not necessarily be always true. ||
 * ** Term / Concept ** || ** Example ** ||
 * exposé || unwrap: make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret;
 * propaganda || Information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause.
 * sensationalised news || Controversial, loud or attention grabbing news that is sometimes exaggerated.
 * stereotype || a conventional or formulaic conception or image.
 * lampoon || satirize: ridicule with satire; "The writer satirized the politician's proposal".
 * hard news || Reports about important or timely events. Current news that the majority of the media will cover.
 * soft news || Background information or human interest stories.
 * ghost writer || One who writes on behalf of someone else, often for a celebrity.
 * Investigative journalism || Investigative journalism is a type of reporting in which reporters deeply investigate a topic of interest, often involving crime, political corruption, or some other scandal.
 * cultural imperialism || An attempt to impose or favor one culture over others through a subtle form of domination over prevailing cultural practices, often through use of media images and manipulation and societal pressure.